The typing of the manuscript, with its many revisions during the evolution, was largely done by Suzanne Vazzano of Athens, Ohio. We are grateful to Mr Michael Mitchell of Bradford, England, for his valuable help with the computer-generated diagrams.

Special thanks are due to Lars Lutton, photographer, Samuel Girton and Scott Wagner, graphic artists, and especially to Peggy Sattler, graphic design manager in the Instructional Media and Technology Services Unit. The authorsвЂ™ work was greatly helped by the superb facilities of the Alden Library at Ohio University. His many helpful criticisms and suggestions have enhanced the presentation, especially the chapters on fossil fuels and on geothermal energy. Dr James Brooks of Glasgow, Scotland, a distinguished geochemist, read the manuscript. The authors apologise if any pre-existing material is not adequately attributed - this is not an attempt to deceive but due to inadvertence. Thanks are due to the publishers of pre-existing material for their generous permission to reproduce previously published information. Wherever possible the authors have attributed their sources. The information was obtained from a vast number of sources, some original. The authors are grateful to both universities for permission to reproduce teaching and examination materials. Much of the material in this book has been taught in undergraduate and postgraduate courses at the University of Bradford, England, and Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA.

It is the view of the authors that this remains the logical, sensible and workable way to proceed. The energy strategy proposed in the first edition is unchanged. Increased coverage is given to waste and waste disposal, in Chapter 13. The chapters on geothermal energy and nuclear energy have been extended. Up-to-date figures are now given for items of fuel supply and also for the use of renewable sources such as wind energy and photovoltaics. Energy supply and use is now a matter of frequent reports, not only in trade journals but in the popular press. In the five years that have elapsed since the original publication, the issues of energy matters and environmental concerns have become prominent. More general readers are advised to begin reading from Chapter 2. By doing this, the authors are able to conclude with an illustrative example of an energy strategy with which to address the world energy future, so encouraging readers to weigh for themselves the complex problem which now stares mankind in the face.Д¬hapter 1 is written mainly for students of the physical sciences and engineering. Environmental implications, economic assessments and industrial risks are also considered. At least ten distinct types of energy source exist: coal oil natural gas nuclear geothermal biological/chemical hydroelectric wind wave/tidal solar energy Each of these sources is examined in Energy Studies, in an attempt to take stock of the development of each, towards either depletion or viable widespread utilisation. In the case of world energy, the problem elements are the individual energy sources, both old and new. How is future world energy demand to be met? To address such a fundamental problem, it is vitally important that all of the various elements comprising the problem are well understood. Each source has only a few tens of years of stock remaining. But both oil and natural gas reserves are fast depleting and are non-renewable. Countries of the developing areas of the world, mainly in the Pacific Rim and Far Fast, are starting to use fossil fuels, especially oil, at increasing rates. The industrially developed countries of the world have become rich and prosperous by the profligate use of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.ДЇor photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: Suite 202, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HEД«ritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.Д®NERGY STUDIES, SECOND EDITION Copyright В© 2003 by Imperial College Press All rights reserved. Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co.

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